WebCitrinin appears to be toxic by multiple pathways including inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of microtubule assembly and tubulin polymerization, alteration of … WebMonascus aurantiacus produces high amounts of citrinin which is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic activity. Six putative citrinin biosynthesis genes have been discovered in M. purpureus and at least 10 genes are responsible for its biosynthesis. However, the sequence of citrinin pathway gene cluster in M. aurantiacus has not been reported.

The molecular steps of citrinin biosynthesis in fungi

WebMar 1, 2016 · The pathway rules out alternatives involving intramolecular rearrangements, and fully defines the molecular steps for the first time and … Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it causes different toxic effects, like nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products. See more Citrinin was one of the many mycotoxins discovered by H. Raistrick and A.C. Hetherington in the 1930s. In 1941 H. Raistrick and G. Smith identified citrinin to have a broad antibacterial activity. After this discovery the … See more Citrinin is a polyketide mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite of some fungi species. Its IUPAC name is (3R,4S)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid and the molecular formula is C13H14O5. Citrinin has a … See more Citrinin is biosynthesized by fungi species of Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus. For the production of citrinin, a minimal set of genes is needed. These genes are conserved in most … See more Reddy et al. (1982) described the distribution and metabolism of [ C]Citrinin in pregnant rats. These rats were subcutaneously administered with 35 mg/kg C-labeled citrinin on day 12 of pregnancy. From plasma concentrations it could be concluded … See more The existing information on occurrence of citrinin in food suggests that relatively high citrinin concentrations can be found in stored grains and … See more There are different types of toxicity. The types of toxicity that have been studied for citrinin are acute toxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity and its carcinogenicity. Acute toxicity See more Various in vitro studies have revealed the involvement of citrinin toxicity in reduced cytokine production, inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, … See more bisexual polyamory

[PDF] Biosynthetic Pathway of Citrinin in the Filamentous Fungus ...

WebUV-Vis scan and UPLC detection showed that disruption of Mrhst4 significantly increased the MonAzPs yields, and citrinin content was dramatically enhanced during the tested period. RT-qPCR results showed that the absence of Mrhst4 significantly increased the relative expression of citrinin biosynthetic pathway genes including pksCT, mrl1, mrl2 ... WebJun 1, 2024 · Citrinin, a secondary metabolite, can pose serious risks to the environment and organisms, but its hepatotoxic mechanisms are still unclear. ... (ATP), activating AMPK pathway in L02 cells. Eventually, pretreatment with NAC, an ROS inhibitor, alleviates citrinin-induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting ROS-mediated ER … WebOct 1, 2024 · The citrinin pathway belongs to the former as it is present in many Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Monascus species [30, 44, 45]. However, the biosynthetic gene cluster of Monascus azaphilone pigments is limited in the Monascus genera. The biosynthetic process of secondary metabolites forms a cluster or non-clustered gene … bisexual polyamorous flag